Exercise in Using the Correct Forms of Irregular Verbs

This exercise will give you practice in using the correct forms of irregular verbs. Before attempting the exercise, you may find it helpful to review these two articles: Introduction to Irregular VerbsPrincipal Parts of Irregular Verbs Exercise Complete each sentence below with the appropriate present, past, or past-participle form of the irregular verb in italics. When youre done, compare your answers with those below. Uncle Bert told me he had _____ (sell) his car for one dollar to a needy family.No one answered when Freddie _____ (ring) the doorbell.We nearly _____ (freeze) our toes off in a bedroom that wasnt heated.Jessica suddenly remembered that a week ago she had _____ (lend) her brother a hundred dollars.My sister left the birthday party early because she had _____ (drink) too much Coca Cola and made herself sick.Last Sunday morning we discovered that the old boiler had _____ (spring) a leak.John went to the blackboard and _____ (draw) a picture of the playground.Dont call the world dirty because you _____ (forget) to clean your glasses.Jobie had _____ (string) a clothesline from the top of the trailer to the woodshed eaves.The group had _____ (begin) to split up into cliques and factions.Buddy had never _____ (ride) in a limousine before.Habit is a cable; we _____ (weave) a thread of it each day, and at last we cannot break it. (Horace Mann)The paper reported that a major earthquake had __ ___ (shake) the interior of Mexico, killing thousands.When we were five years old, Mike and I solemnly _____ (swear) to remain friends forever.Moira had _____ (mean) to send her father a birthday card, but as usual she forgot.The force of the shock from the explosion _____ (break) every window in the old school building.Uncle Bert had _____ (go) to the post office at lunchtime but never came back.Trying to be good Samaritans had _____ (bring) us nothing but trouble.The student insisted that someone had _____ (steal) his sunglasses, but everyone could see that they were still sitting on top of his head.Walt Disney claimed that he loved Mickey Mouse more than any woman he had ever _____ (know). Answers   Uncle Bert told me he had  sold  his car for one dollar to a needy family.No one answered when Freddie  rang  the doorbell.We nearly  froze  our toes off in a bedroom that wasnt heated.Jessica suddenly remembered that a week ago she had  lent  her brother a hundred dollars.My sister left the birthday party early because she had  drunk  too much Coca Cola and made herself sick.Last Sunday morning we discovered that the old boiler had  sprung  a leak.John went to the blackboard and  drew  a picture of the playground.Dont call the world dirty because you  forgot  to clean your glasses.Jobie had  strung  a clothesline from the top of the trailer to the woodshed eaves.The group had  begun  to split up into cliques and factions.Buddy had never  ridden  in a limousine before.Habit is a cable; we  weave  a thread of it each day, and at last we cannot break it. (Horace Mann)The paper reported that a major earthquake had  shaken  the interior of Mexico, killing thousands.When we were five years old, Mike and I solemnly  swore  to remain friends forever.Moira had  meant  to send her father a birthday card, but as  usual  she forgot.The force of the shock from the explosion  broke  every window in the old school building.Uncle Bert had  gone  to the post office at lunchtime but never came back.Trying to be good Samaritans had  brought  us nothing but trouble.The student insisted that someone had  stolen  his sunglasses, but everyone could see that they were still sitting on top of his head.Walt Disney claimed that he loved Mickey Mouse more than any woman he had ever  known

The Crucible By Arthur Miller - 2073 Words

The theme of persecution in The Crucible by Arthur Miller is the convictions of numerous members of a village in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692. During this time God was very prominent and they had a strong desire to convert everyone to Puritanism and if one did not believe in God or practice religion, that one had chosen to bind oneself to the Devil. â€Å"The people of Salem developed a theocracy, a combine of state and religious power whose function was to keep the community together and to prevent any kind of disunity that might open it to destruction by material or ideological enemies† (Miller, 1953, p. 7). The play opens in the house of Reverend Parris’ in the bedroom of his daughter, Betty Parris. She had become ill and her father was unable to wake her. Betty was in the forest with her cousin, Abigail Williams and her fathers’ slave who was called Tituba. He had discovered them dancing by a fire, while Tituba sang and danced in her foreign tongue from Barbados; which is where Reverend Parris had spent some years as a merchant before entering into ministry and where he had met Tituba and decided to bring her with him. It is because of what he saw, combined with the fact that the doctor could not find anything in his medical book related to the symptoms that Betty was experiencing, that it was her condition was deemed â€Å"unnatural†. The Crucible was set in 1692 and in those times, an unnatural cause was thought to be associated with the practice of witchcraft. ReverendShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1269 Words   |  6 PagesAt first glance, the playwright Arthur Miller in The Crucible highlights the historical significance of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, but in fact it is an allegorical expression of his perception of McCarthyism. If the reader has some background information on Arthur Miller’s victimization as a communist, it is evident that the play is a didactic vessel illustrating the flaw s of the court system in the 1950’s. The communist allegations were launched at government employees, entertainers and writersRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1681 Words   |  7 Pagesof their way to the last dying breath to make sure they leave with a good or bad reputation. In one of the recent literature study in class â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller, Miller uses characterization to illustrate reputation throughout the play. â€Å"The Crucible† takes place in Salem, Massachusetts. It is based upon the Salem witch trails. In â€Å"The Crucible†, we journey through the life of three characters who reputations plays a major role in the play. The three characters are John Proctor, AbigailRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1333 Words   |  6 PagesAs the various characters in The Crucible by Arthur Miller interact, the dominant theme of the consequences of women’s nonconformity begins to slide out from behind the curtains of the play . Such a theme reveals the gripping fear that inundated the Puritans during the seventeenth century. This fear led to the famous witch-hunts that primarily terrorized women who deviated from the Puritan vision of absolute obedience and orthodoxy. Arthur Miller presents his interpretation of the suffering by subtlyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller998 Words   |  4 Pagesmotivated by jealousy and spite. The Crucible is a four-act dramatic play production that was first performed on January 22, 1953. Arthur Miller used dialogue within the characters to cover the multiple themes; conflicts and resolutions, plus the few directions for the different actions of the play. The Salem Witch Trials were intended to be performed as the play however, when read, it can be more carefully examined and broken down to analyze the techniques. Miller, the playwright, uses literaryRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1145 Words   |  5 PagesUnbalance Through The Centuries In Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, the author reflects the persecution of communists in America in the 1950’s through a recount of the Salem witch trials. It is often presumed that Miller based his drama directly off of events that were particularly prevalent in the years surrounding the publication of The Crucible- which was released in the year 1953, towards the conclusion of the Korean War. Although there was not a literal witch hunt occurring during this timeRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1063 Words   |  5 PagesIn the English dictionary, there are three definitions of the word crucible. One is a metal container in which metals are mixed and melted. Another is a severe test. But the third definition, and the one that I think fits the best for this book, is a place or situation in which different elements interact to create something new. In my mind, this fits because all of the characters had their little grudges and dirty secrets. But when all th ose seemingly little things interact, they formed somethingRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1285 Words   |  6 Pages Rationale, Morality, Stereotypes, Pressure, Self-Censorship, Unanimity, and Mindguards. Groupthink has also taken place in our history a a country. The play, The Crucible by Arthur Miller is about a the real-life Salem Witch Trials that happened in 1692 - 1693, in Salem, Massachusetts. Some symptoms of Groupthink found in the Crucible are Rationale, Pressure, and Self-Censorship. The Groupthink symptom, Rationale, is described as when victims of Groupthink ignore warnings: they also collectivelyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller811 Words   |  4 Pages While The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, is only a four act play, it still resembles the format of a five act play. The five-act structure evolved from a three-act structure, which was made famous by Roman Aelius Donatus. Donatus came up with three types of plays: Protasis, Epitasis, and Catastrophe. The five-act structure helped to expand the three act structure, mainly made famous by Shakespeare through his many tragedies. Even though The Crucible contains only four acts, it still has the commonRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1052 Words   |  5 PagesBuddy Al-Aydi Ms.Healy English 9 CP 14th October 2014 The Crucible Essay The Crucible was a novel written by Arthur Miller in the 1950’s. It was written in a format of the play, portraying an allegory of the Salem Witch-Hunts led by Senator Joseph McCarthy. The book is known to have a inexplicable plot. This plot is advanced by multiple characters in the book in order to ensure that the reader maintains interest with the material that is being read. The farmer, John Proctor, would be theRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller841 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible is a chaotic play, throughout this American classic Arthur Miller takes the reader through multiple events of terror and insanity. While creating a great on-stage play, Arthur Miller portrays his life through the events, the characters, and plot of The Crucible. Using vivid imagery and comprehensible symbolism, Miller manipulates the real personalities of the characters and events in 1600 Salem, Massachusetts to create a symbolic autobiography. Throughout this play, the reader experie nces

In Criminal Justice, There Are Many Ethical Dilemmas At

In criminal justice, there are many ethical dilemmas at every stage of the system, which allows people to manipulate the criminal justice to rule in individual favor, resulting to serious consequence on an individual or a time community security. These incongruous laws, policies, regulation and practices in many a time create conflicts and distortion of the foundation of justice, resulting to an ethical dilemma. The purpose of this paper is to find out the course of action to take to handle such dilemmas, what principles to serve in such situation, and what moral reasoning for taking such decisions. Parole Board and Overcrowding In the criminal justice system, some of the decisions made are morally right but at the same, they raise the†¦show more content†¦The same challenges have led to misuse and misdirection of resources, time, and labor that leads ethical dilemma that needs critical decisions. The state prisons are overcrowded to an extent that advocates are threating to sue the state on refusal to issue paroles. They argue that the state should look for ways to broaden the parole eligibility criteria, which would, in turn, ensure that more inmates are realized on community programs. Though, there are concerns from some quarters that such action would result to tempering with standards. Besides, there is a likely hood of repeat offender cases to rise. There is also pressure on the parole board from governors to ensure that the case of overcrowding is dealt with, as the federal suits would ensure that inmates are realized under a federal process outside the parole board’s control if they are successful. (Weinstein, 2004), argues that this is a classical case of ethics vs. morals, there is no hiding the fact that the prisons are indeed overcrowded. Therefore, there is a need for an agent action to be taken to address this situation. As overcrowding possesses many challenges including health, the prisoners should be treated with dignity just like any other human beings. Another issue are, the prison officer in charge, whose duties are to monitor the progress of inmates’ behavior and recommend those that are eligible for early realize and correct those that do astray, will have a hard time doing thisShow MoreRelatedArticle Analysis of Former Sheriff Guilty in Successors Killing929 Words   |  4 PagesDescribe Dilemma: What was the ethical dilemma the professional faced? Given the information provided in the article, Former Sheriff Guilty in Successors Killing the most profound ethical dilemma faced by the involved criminal justice professionals is the decision to develop a plea for the actual perpetrators of the crime that allowed immunity upon testifying against the mastermind of the plot to kill the newly elected sheriff. Given the history of the ousted sheriff, Sidney Dorsey there is aRead MoreEthics in Criminal Justice Administration Essay1533 Words   |  7 PagesEthics in Criminal Justice Administration Analysis Lisa Myatt CJA/484 David Mailloux July 30, 2012 Ethics and professional behavior are an important part of criminal justice administration. Ethics is referred to as what is right or wrong and your moral principles. Criminal justice administration are faced with ethical issues everyday and must deal with this ethical issues in a professional manner. The administration in criminal justice especially theRead MorePlea Bargains : Criminal Justice System1510 Words   |  7 PagesIn the United States today, plea bargains are the way in which the majority of the criminal court cases get resolved. â€Å"Plea bargains are extraordinarily common in the American legal system, accounting for roughly 90% of all criminal cases. Many countries, however, do not allow plea bargains, considering them unethical or immoral† (â€Å"Plea Bargains: In Depth†). A plea bargain is an agreement that is made in a criminal case between the prosecutor and the defendant; normally, the defendant pleads guiltyRead MoreCase Analysis : Megan s Law1592 Words   |  7 PagesCase Study 7.11 Megan’s Law Ethical Problem Definition When prisoners who committed violent or sexual crimes are let out of prison there must be a decision made as to whether the prisoners’ status should be disclosed to the community or not (Rothman, 2011). The social worker in this case has an ethical responsibility to the clients’ well-being as well as to as to the welfare of society. The social worker needs to make a decision that will have the least amount of harm caused to the individual andRead MoreThe Ethical Dilemma of a Police Officer Essay1333 Words   |  6 PagesThe Ethical Dilemma of a Police Officer Professions are guided by codes of ethics to aid them in performance of their duties and to ensure maintenance of high standards of conduct. Police officers are faced with a maze of obligations in the performance of their official duties. The â€Å"Law Enforcement Code of Ethics† and â€Å"Canons of Police Ethics† were created to make explicit the conduct considered appropriate for police officers and to guide them in the performance of their duties. Although policeRead MoreInvestigators and prosecutors are constantly faced with several ethical dilemmas while executing900 Words   |  4 Pagesare constantly faced with several ethical dilemmas while executing their duties, which usually put them at a position whereby they have to make critical decisions in order to avoid a lot of public scrutiny. Some of these dilemmas include administrative discretion and nepotism. First, investigators and administrators have to maintain the highest levels of discretion while making d ecisions regarding particular cases (Padfield Gelsthorpe, 2012). The question that many people, therefore, ask is whetherRead MoreThe Wicked Problem Of A General Theory Of Planning1065 Words   |  5 Pages 4 Chapter 2: Review on â€Å"Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning† 5 Chapter 3: Strategies 6 Chapter 4: Ethical principles 7 Chapter 5: Example of a â€Å"wicked problem† in the criminal justice system 8 ReferencesRead MoreRacial Profiling1321 Words   |  6 PagesANALYSIS OF â€Å"RACIAL PROFILING AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE† 1 Analysis of â€Å"Racial Profiling and Criminal Justice† Domenica Martinez Colorado Mesa University ANALYZING RACIAL PROFILING AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2 Research Question I chose to analyze article titled â€Å"Racial Profiling and Criminal Justice† which is written By Jesper Ryberg withinRead MorePolicing1068 Words   |  5 PagesEthics in Criminal Justice Administration Analysis Perla M. Flores CJA/484 Criminal Justice Administration Capstone March 10, 2014 Fran Hart Ethics in Criminal Justice Administration Analysis Ethics in criminal justice administration is a very important aspect because professionals within the criminal justice system make important decisions every day that involves critical thinking, and the choices they make will have an impact in society;Read MoreRodney King955 Words   |  4 PagesTurnitin gave a grade of 4% similarity. | Unethical Behavior of Police Brutality | Ethical Behavior In Criminal Justice | | Yasmen Sarter | 11/18/2012 | This paper is to the best of my ability. | From the perspective of law, excessive physical force most clearly constitutes police brutality, a term often applied loosely to various forms of police misconduct (Holmes, 2000). Over the years, police brutality continues to be an issue of concern all across the world and the need for

Food And Drink Industries Companies - 1622 Words

Introduction As we all know, taste and smell are a â€Å"must have† for food and drink industries and one can easily imagine that these characteristics can be a clear differentiating factor on the â€Å"the more the better† axis in the pharmaceutical, packaging or environmental sectors. Many companies usually use human taste panels to measure taste and smell. However, human nose is very sensitive and experts can control panels. Accordingly, this approach can carry a lot of variation over time. Moreover, this process is time consuming, costly and limited by the number of samples that can be tested. It requires involving people from outside of the company so it is needed to deal with issues like confidentiality, safety and public image. Based on any†¦show more content†¦The results that are related to human data can make this measurement as â€Å"absolute† as possible. In the measure phase, the advantage of E-noses and E-tongues is that they could reduce cycle times for each measurement as much as 80 or 90 percent, improve repeatability and reproducibility across data collection and acquire the data with lower price. Also, in the improving and control phase, E-noses and E-tongues can help to design and implement experiments for given objects to find optimal process conditions. It is also worth mentioning that the new measurement system can handle changes and sustain the profitable performance in a long-term perspective. This project was focused on illustrating how E-noses and E-tongues help companies to improve their CTQs. So, although DMAIC team did not have a specific plan and timeline for any specific company, the project can still get a medium grade for the first criteria since they completed their primary goal which consisted in analyzing the benefits of using E-noses and E-tongues to help companies improve their product performance. Application of Six Sigma Tools One of the most important segments is to use the tools and techniques in a correct and proper way within the Six Sigma application. In the project’s beginning, a Kano model was used to indicate how the â€Å"Soft attributes† such as Tastes as a differentiating factor canShow MoreRelatedFood And Non Alcoholic Beverages Industry Essay806 Words   |  4 PagesIndustry Background SIC and NAICS An industry as complex as the Food and Non-Alcoholic beverages industry must be coded by organizing smaller sub-categories when referencing the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system and the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). These systems categorize industries using codes to aid in analytical research for Federal statistical agencies. (United States Census Bureau, 2012). A quick search using key words or the actual code will allow theRead MoreCompany s External And Internal Environment Analysis1387 Words   |  6 Pagespurpose of this paper is through the company s external and internal environment analysis to evaluate the company in the industry and future developments. Assess the external environment mainly through PESTLE Analysis and Porter s 5 Forces. Strategic Recourses Capability Analysis for internal environmental assessment is conducted. Finally, the company somehow SWOT analysis, concluded †¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ This article mainly refer to the company s annual financial reports, industry reports and official website asRead MoreThe Proposition For The Debate On Food Standards Australia And New Zealand979 Words   |  4 Pagespermit the use of proven health claims on food labels. Food Standards Australia and New Zealand (FSANZ) write the food labelling laws and local State and Territory agencies enforce these laws. There are also fair trading laws that require labels to be truthful. Standards to regulate health claims were introduced in 2013 so that consumers would not be misled. Standard 1.2.7 became law on 18 January 2013 to regulate nutrient content claims and health claims on food labels and in advertisements. It wasRead MoreThe Soft Drink Manufacturing And Carbonated Beverages Market Essay979 Words   |  4 PagesIn the United States, The Soft Drink Manufacturing and carbonated beverages market is dominated by three major companies. They are Coca-Cola, PepsiCo, and the Dr. Pepper Snapple Group. These companies account for 66% of the total market shares Coca-Cola (28.6%), Pepsi Co Inc (26.8%), and the Dr. Pepper Snapple Group (8.6%). The carbonated soft drinks account for 65%, and noncarbonated beverages account for 35% of the industry market. 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As an example beyond their packaging they are paying 6 times as much for the water as the local community but the major criticism against bottled water has always been the plastic packaging and they’ve come up with a solution to that concern, but have also gone well beyond just creating a product, they’ve created a company that matches their product’s brand. Incredibly conscious of their social and environmental responsibilities. The bottled water industry The bottled waterRead MorePepsico : Who Are They?1526 Words   |  7 Pagesproduction. â€Å"PepsiCo is one of the world’s leading food and beverage companies with over $63 billion in net revenue in 2015 and a global portfolio of diverse and beloved brands† (1). They are known for their strength in diversified product portfolio, dominance in their market position, and their state of the art focus on research and development. The opportunities they have to face are a growing consumer focus on health and wellness, increase in global food consumption, and productivity initiatives (2)Read MoreCoca Cola And The Soft Drink Manufacturing Market1161 Words   |  5 PagesThe primary industry Coca-Cola is in the Soft Drink Manufacturing market consisting of different types of soft drinks with its target being at mainly restaurants and grocery stores across the United States. Varieties of coke include serves different coke flavors such as original, vanilla, cherry, and caffeine free. Even though these different types of Coca-Cola products are sold as consumer products, they serve as a core component for other types of soft drink products, including non-carbonatedRead MorePepsico s Gatorade Brand And Its Impact On The World s Premier Consumer Products1321 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Gatorade is a PepsiCo owned company that manufactures many sports-themed beverages as well as food products. The Gatorade beverages are based on the oral rehydration therapy, which involves drinking sugar and salt mixed water for the purpose of rehydrating. The Gatorade brand uses carbohydrates and electrolytes to replenish athletes after rigorous physical activity (Gatorade, 2014). Gatorade sweetens their drinks using a mixture of sucrose-dextrose, which reduces the calorie count ofRead MorePepsico : The Food And Drink Industry1586 Words   |  7 Pagesbrands becoming a dominate company is the food and drink industry. In recent years they have been getting a bad reputation due to their unhealthy drinks and foods. In a 20 ounce bottle of Pepsi, there is 13.8 teaspoons of sugar. â€Å"Two out of three adults and one of three children in the United States are overweight or obese.† Studies have shown that the number of health problems that are related to obesity is due to the in creased consumption of sugary drinks. High sugar drinks are being compared to cigarettes

Macbeths feelings Free Essays

Macbeth feels great remorse and guilt for the act that he lust committed. He wash’s very much that he did not kill the King and this Is shown through his excerpts in Act 2 scene 2. He describes his hands as being a ‘sorry sight’ for they are drenched in the King’s blood. We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeths feelings or any similar topic only for you Order Now The blood is has a very symbolic meaning for Macbeth as the blood does not just show that he has killed the King but also that he has shown shame towards the one closest to God, and that it has now been proven that he must go ahead with being crowned King. He constantly suffers psychologically and contemplates that people will find out about his killing of the King and explains that he heard a voice saying that he has killed sleep so he will ‘sleep no more’. He starts acting very nervous towards the people around him, especially the servants who he killed when he saw them straight away. He explains to Macadam that it is not possible to feel ‘wise, amazed, temperate and furious, loyal and neutral’ all at once, and that he just killed them because he saw the daggers in their hands and It would not be fair If they survived. Macbeth over exaggerates his murder eying that the blood from his hands will turn the oceans ‘green to red’ and that ‘Neptune ocean would never clean his hands of this act’. Macbeth is starting to act guilty towards the murder and he is regretting largely what he did. There are also streaks of fear in his thinking patterns when he says to Lady Macbeth that he is ‘afraid to think what I have done’, being the King’s slaughter. These comments from Macbeth explain to us that he really does feel great remorse for killing the high Liege and that hopes no one will ever find out his horrendous crime How to cite Macbeths feelings, Papers

Demand Estimation for Britannia Biscuit Industry Essay Example For Students

Demand Estimation for Britannia Biscuit Industry Essay Demand Estimation for Britannia Biscuit Industry 1. Introduction: Our objective was to study the demand variation of Britannia Biscuits in India with respect to certain variables like, Price, Price of the substitute (Parle Biscuits), Income of Consumer and Population. To achieve this we assume all other factors like Tastes of Consumer, Advertising etc are constant. The biscuit industry is taken as a whole without differentiating between various segmented brands. To arrive at the demand function of Britannia, multivariate regression analysis has been used over non linear model. All data has been taken from the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) database. 1. 1 Biscuit Industry in India: Indian Biscuit Industry is the largest among all the food industries and has a turnover of around Rs. 3000 crores. India is known to be the second largest manufacturer of biscuits, the first being USA. However, the per capita consumption of biscuits in India at 2. 1 kg is considerably lower than other countries. It is classified under two sectors: organized and unorganized. Bread and biscuits are the major part of the bakery industry and covers around 80 percent of the total bakery products in India. Biscuits stand at a higher value and production level than bread. This belongs to the unorganized sector of the bakery Industry and covers over 70% of the total production. India Biscuits Industry came into limelight and started gaining a sound status in the bakery industry in the later part of 20th century when the urbanized society called for readymade food products at a tenable cost. Biscuits were assumed as sick-mans diet in earlier days. Now, it has become one of the most loved fast food products for every age group. Biscuits are easy to carry, tasty to eat, cholesterol free and reasonable at cost. States that have the larger intake of biscuits are Maharashtra, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Uttar Pradesh. Maharashtra and West Bengal, the most industrially developed states, hold the maximum amount of consumption of biscuits. Even, the rural sector consumes around 55 percent of the biscuits in the bakery products. The total production of bakery products have risen from 5. 19 lakh tonnes in 1975 to 18. 95 lakh tonnes in 1990. Biscuits contributes to over 33 percent of the total production of bakery and above 79 percent of the biscuits are manufactured by the small scale sector of bakery industry comprising both factory and non-factory units. The production capacity of wafer biscuits is 60 MT and the cost is Rs. 56,78,400 with a motive power of 25 K. W. Indian biscuit industry has occupied around 55-60 percent of the entire bakery production. Few years back, large scale bakery manufacturers like Cadbury, Nestle, and Brooke Bond tried to trade in the biscuit industry but couldnt hit the market because of the local companies that produced only biscuits. The biscuit industry has Herfindahl Index of around 0. 25 indiacting it is of the monopolistic competition type. Also the entry and exit of firms in the industry is not very tough. The Federation of Biscuit Manufacturers of India (FBMI) has confirmed a bright future of India Biscuits Industry. According to FBMI, a steady growth of 15 percent per annum in the next 10 years will be achieved by the biscuit industry of India. Besides, the export of biscuits will also surpass the target and hit the global market successfully. In 2003 the Biscuit market in India was estimated to be above 0. million tonnes with a vlue of about Rs. 45 billion. The share of the organised sector in the biscuit market was estimated to be above 50%. Britannia and Parle held more than 80% of the organised sector share in value terms. The market was going at a rate of 5% to 8%, however with the introduction of ITC by 2007 Sunfeast had become a Rs 5 billion brand growing at 15% per annum. 1. 2 Britannia Industries: Britannia Industries Limited is an Indian company based in Kolkata that is famous for its Britannia and Tiger brands of biscuit, which are highly recognized throughout the country. Britannia is India’s biscuit firm, with an estimated 38% market share. The Companys principal activity is the manufacture and sale of biscuits, bread, rusk, cakes and dairy products. The Britannias fame is largely acknowledged through the colorful Britannia logos that Indian cricketers such as Virender Sehwag and Rahul Dravid wear on their bats. 1. 2. 1 History: It was started way back in 1892 with an investment of Rs. 295. Initially, biscuits were manufactured in a small house in central Kolkata. Later, the business was acquired by the Gupta brothers and operated under the name of V. S. Brothers. In 1918, C H Holmes, an English businessman in Kolkata was taken as a partner and The Britannia Biscuit Company Limited (BBCo) was launched. The Mumbai factory was setup in 1924 and Peak Freans, UK acquired a controlling interest in BBCo. Biscuits were in big demand during World War II, which gave a fillip to the company’s sales. The company name was changed to the current Britannia Industries Limited in 1979. In 1982 Nabisco Brands Inc. , USA became a major foreign shareholder. Kerala businessman K. Rajan Pillai secured control of the group in the late 1980s, becoming known in India as the Biscuit King. In 1993, the Wadia Group acquired a stake in ABIL, UK and became an equal partner with Groupe Danone in Britannia Industries Limited. In what the Economic Times referred to as one of most dramatic corporate sagas, Pillai ceded control to Wadia and Danone after a bitter boardroom struggle, then fled his Singapore base to India in 1995 after accusations of defrauding Britannia, and died the same year in Tihar Jail. 1. 2. 2 Growth and profitability: The company is a growing and profitable one. Between 1998 and 2001, the companys sales grew at a compound annual rate of 16 per cent against the market, and operating profits reached 18 per cent. More recently, the company has been growing at 27 per cent a year, compared to the industrys growth rate of 20 per cent. At present, 90 per cent of Britannia’s annual revenue of Rs2,200 crores comes from biscuits 2. Demand Estimation by Regression Analysis: This consists of five steps namely: 1)Model Specification 2)Collecting Data on variables 3)Specifying the form of Demand Equation 4)Testing the econometric results 5)Correction of model if needed Richard The Lion Hearted Essay Research PaperThe consumer might have switched from one product to another to maximize his utility. Since this data was not available we cannot analyze much about this coefficient. Also the level of significance of t test is . 584 Coefficient of Income (a3): The value of coefficient obtained is 0. 033. This means that the Private Final Consumption Expenditure on other food items has not much significance on the amount of biscuit consumed. Its value is as low as 0. 033, which means that it is a normal commodity. The Income elasticity EI is 0. 033. One reason of such a low value can be the data. We were able to get the data on the PFCE value of Other food items. The other food items includes biscuits and a host of other items as well which may act as substitute of biscuit. The various items which may fall under this section can be potato chips, wafers, bakery products, etc. The consumer might have switched from one product to another to maximize his utility. Since this data was not available we cannot analyze much about this coefficient. Also the level of significance of t test is . 584. Coefficient of Population (a4): The value of coefficient obtained is 7. 534. This means that with increase in population the demand of Britannia biscuit is also increasing. This is quite true to the theoretical assumption as well. Also over the years the per capita income of people have increased, hence more people can afford biscuits now. The high value of this coefficient can be explained because of these two reasons. Adjusted R Square (R2): The value of this is . 994. It means that 99. 4 % of the variation can be explained with the variation of the independent variables. This indicates a good degree of explanation and model can be used to predict well within the range. However in the case of extrapolation we need to be cautious before predicting. In extrapolating many other factors need to be considered. Autocorrelation: Autocorrelation is the cross-correlation of a signal with itself. It is a mathematical tool for finding repeating patterns, such as the presence of a periodic signal which has been buried under noise, or identifying the missing fundamental frequency in a signal implied by its harmonic frequencies. It is used frequently in signal processing for analyzing functions or series of values, such as time domain signals. Informally, it is the similarity between observations as a function of the time separation between them. The Durbin-Watson coefficient obtained is 1. 915. It indicates very meagre amount of autocorrelation among the variables and hence the econometric result has less problems. This is one of the reasons we went for the power model. In the linear model the autocorrelation coefficient had a value of 1. 5 which indicated positive correlation among the variables. 3. Conclusion: The demand Equation obtained using multivariate regression analysis is: ln(QX) = 40. 188 1. 532 ln(PX) + 1. 75ln(PY) + . 033ln(I) + 7. 534ln(N) The various elasticities and econometric test results are mentioned below: †¢Price Elasticity (Ep) = -1. 532 †¢Income Elasticity (EI) = 1. 575 †¢Cross-price Elasticity (EXY) = 0. 033 †¢Durbin Watson Index = 1. 91 †¢Correlation coefficient (R-square) = 0. 994 †¢Herfindahl Index = 0. 34 (Monopolistic Competition) Interpretation of Results: â⠂¬ ¢Negative price elasticity indicates increase in price as quantity demanded decreases †¢Positive cross-price elasticity indicates the product is a substitute †¢Positive income elasticity indicates that increase in income ncreases the demand Demand Forecasting: The following demand equation can be used to predict future demand of the Britannia biscuit industry. However, if some major economic change or regulation comes in between the model is liable to inaccurate predictions. Assuming other things to be constant we will try to predict the demand of the Britannia Biscuits for the year 2010. Assumptions made for the year 2010: 1)Inflation rate to be 6%, hence the price of the Britannia Biscuits(Px) and Parle(Py) is expected to rise by 6% 2)GDP to be 6. 5% and hence the per capita Income or Expenditure is expected to increase by 6. 75% 3)Population growth rate to be 1. 578, so population of india is expected to rise by 1. 578 times. Therefore the values for independent vari ables in our demand equation are: Px = Rs 55870 per ton Py = Rs 38070 per ton I = Rs 11256 crores N = 1172 million Thus calculating the demand for Britannia Biscuits after substituting these values in our demand equation is: 565984 tonnes. Hence Britannia should increase its production by almost 13 % APPENDIX A. 1 Data YearQuantity of Brittania Biscuits(Q)Price of Brittania(Px)Price of Parle(Py)Income of Customer(I)Number of people(N) Mar 1994 10219034558. 1831011. 664151 892 11403938959. 4832671. 996550910 Mar 1996 12189443199. 0135595. 174888928 Mar 1997 13601647772. 3238101. 096551946 Mar 1998 14421350258. 9937737. 739141964 Mar 1999 16746751482. 3838408. 45468983 Mar 2000 19264650785. 937926. 58112261001 Mar 2001 21421451691. 337131. 4283401019 Mar 2002 22844751133. 9636076. 2396271040 Mar 2003 25092049838. 5934127. 2687721056 Mar 2004 28004448630. 334049. 0483511072 Mar 2005 31185347865. 1833982. 3481101089 Mar 2006 34686348316. 7732545. 1383041106 Mar 2007 42998948631. 0133850. 1689131122 Mar 2008 44204152708. 6935915. 2192441138 A. 2 Graphs A. 3 Other Information about Britannia Britannia Industries Limited Type Private Founded1892 HeadquartersKolkata and Bangalore; R Chennai, India Number of locations300 stores (2000) Area servedIndia Key peopleNusli Wadia, Chairman Ms. Vinita Bali, (Managi ng Director) Industry Food Products Biscuits Tiger, Britannia, milk Revenue ^ Rs 2,200 crore Owner(s) Danone, Kalabakan Investments Parent Wadia Group, Associated Biscuits Intl. Holdings Website www. britannia. co. in B. References †¢Managerial Economics Principles and Worldwide Applications, Sixth Edition, Dominick Salvatore †¢Marketing Management , A south Asian Perspective,13th Edition, Philip Kotler †¢Quantitative Methods for Business, 10th Edition, David Anderson †¢http://business. mapsofindia. com/india-industry/biscuits. html †¢http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Britannia_Industries †¢https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/print/in. html